Planktic foraminifera
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Planktic (planktonic) foraminifera can permanently float or drift in the water column. "They are widespread and have had rapidly evolving lineages". (Armstrong & Brasier 2005)
According to de Vargas et al. (1997), "the phylogenetic analyses indicate a polyphyletic origin for the planktonic foraminifera. The Candeinidae, the Globorotaliidae, and the clade Globigerinidae + Hastigerinidae seem to have originated independently, at different epochs in the evolution of foraminifera. ... These variations may be related to different levels of adaptation to the planktonic mode of life."
See:
- Benthic behavior of planktic foraminifera by Heinz Hilbrecht and Hans R. Thierstein in Geology: Vol. 24, No. 3, 1996, pp. 200–202.
- Planktonic Foraminifera Ecology & Chemistry by Richard G. Fairbanks http://www.radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/research/plankton.htm
- Planktonic Foraminifera Guide by Dr. Marius Dan Georgescu. An HTML-based illustrated guide to the taxonomy, descriptive morphology, and biostratigraphy of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera.
